The Purposes of the Constitution Essays - Law, Political Philosophy

The Purposes of the Constitution The Constitution was created on September 17, 1787 and was signed by delegates in order to give citizens basic rights, create fundamental laws, and establish a government for the United States of America. It aided in building a stronger federal government in America by creating three branches known today as: executive, judicial and legislative. By having this type of government, we can separate ourselves from other countries as stated in Chapter Two, Page Forty-Eight, " How these branches of government are structured and the various functions they perform differentiates one government from another." These branches are all connected to one another. The Legislative branch known as Congress makes creates our laws and are actually split up into another two parts known as the House of Representatives and the Senate. The Representatives all come together to have meeting to go over whether or not certain bills should be passed or not and of they will help our government and communities. The Executive Branch ust follows the President's rules and does whatever he tells them to do. The President oversees the branch and uses them to complete important tasks in political affairs. Lastly we have the Judicial Branch. They are the Supreme Court and overlook any cases involving anyone or anything that goes against the laws created by the legislative branch. My next main purpose pertains to my last point and it's called Checks and Balances. In order for the U.S. government to keep all branches within the same amount of power and not become more powerful than the other. Either parts of the branches can limit one another to the amount of power they have and can use. While one branch makes a decision, another can overrule it, and if another wants to overrule it, then they can. In the end they will come to find a common ground to make a final decision. Therefore, no one has more power than the other or no less. "Such checks, among others, go a long way toward preventing any one branch of the government from running amok" The last main purpose for the constitution is how it gave the citizens of the U.S. basic human rights. It included: Freedom of Speech, Freedom of Religion, Right to Bear Arms and many more. By giving Americans rights such as these, they feel more safe and felt protected. That was the goal for the Bill of Rights. So that when you are in America you should feel like you can be your own person. Which is exactly what the Constitution gave us. This is what our Founding Fathers wanted us to have.

Re Diplock Essays

Re Diplock Essays Re Diplock Essay Re Diplock Essay PART ONE: In Re Diplock, the court held that knowledge did not form the basis for the cause of action and that the recipients conscience was bound by the fact of receipt or in other words personal claim consists of strict liability SOURCE: (Accessory Liability for Breach of Fiduciary Obligation SECTION 3.4 available at lss.unimelb.edu.au/docs/tutorials/2005/equity/Equity3.doc.) PART TWO: At times even a non trustee might attract the liabilities of trusteeship. In Barnes v. Addy , this was elaborated upon and it was held that a breach of trust could make a stranger to a trust liable. These situations are, first, a person may be liable as a trustee de son tort; second, a person is liable if there is assistance with knowledge in a fraudulent and dishonest breach of trust. This is also known as â€Å"knowing assistance†; finally, concomitant to the considerations of notice, equity might make a person liable if that person has received property through breach of trust or what is commonly known as â€Å"knowing receipt†. In this case, the appellant contended that the respondent was liable under knowing assistance and knowing receipt SOURCE: ( Judgments of the Supreme Court of Canada. Gold v. Rosenberg, (1997). 3 S.C.R. 767. available at   http://scc.lexum.umontreal.ca/en/1997/1997rcs3-767/1997rcs3-767.html). PART THREE: â€Å"The lower court had opined that the position of the respondent is that the appellants are liable solely on the basis of objective dishonesty as per Royal Brunei Airlines SDN BHD v Philip Tan Kok Ming, which is analogous with the decision in Agip (Africa) Ltd v Jackson and Cowan de Groot Properties Ltd v Eagle Trust Plc.†

Definition and Examples of Prewriting Strategies

Definition and Examples of Prewriting Strategies In composition, the term prewriting refers to  any activity that helps a writer think about a topic, determine a purpose, analyze an audience, and prepare to write. Prewriting is closely related to the art of invention in classical rhetoric. The objective of  prewriting, according to Roger Caswell and Brenda Mahler, is  to prepare students for writing by allowing them to discover what they know and what else they need to know. Prewriting invites exploration and promotes the motivation to write (Strategies for Teaching Writing, 2004). Because various kinds of writing (such as note-taking,  listing, and freewriting) usually occur during this stage of the writing process, the term  prewriting  is somewhat misleading. A number of teachers and researchers prefer the term exploratory writing. See Examples and Observations below. Also, see: Writing ProcessComposingDiscovery Strategies (Heuristics)FocusingGeorge Carlin on Finding Something to Write AboutYour Writing: Private and Public Types of Prewriting Activities BrainstormingClusteringFreewriting Journalists QuestionsJournal WritingListingOutlinePentadReading Examples and Observations Prewriting is  the getting ready to write stage. The traditional notion that writers have a topic completely thought out and ready to flow onto the page is ridiculous. Writers begin tentatively- talking, reading, brainstorming- to see what they know and in what direction they want to go. -Gail Tompkins, Rod Campbell, and David Green,  Literacy for the 21st Century. Pearson Australia, 2010Prewriting involves anything you do to help yourself decide what your central idea is or what details, examples, reasons, or content you will include. Freewriting, brainstorming, and clustering . . . are types of prewriting. Thinking, talking to other people, reading related material, outlining or organizing ideas- all are forms of prewriting. Obviously, you can prewrite at any time in the writing process. Whenever you want to think up new material, simply stop what you are doing and start using one of [these] techniques... -Stephen McDonald and William Salomone, The Writers Response, 5th ed. Wad sworth, 2012 The Aims of PrewritingUsually, the prewriting activities help you find a good topic, narrow topics that are too broad, and look at purpose. You should finish the prewriting activities with at least a sentence and a list. Or you may have something as formal as a three-part thesis sentence and a fully developed outline. Either way, youll have laid the groundwork. -Sharon Sorenson, Websters New World Student Writing Handbook. Wiley, 2010 Prewriting as a Method of DiscoveryJeannette Harris stresses prewriting while stating that discovery occurs throughout the composing process, even in revision, when the writer is still retrieving additional information, making further connections, recognizing emerging patterns [Expressive Discourse, 15]. In prewriting as well as free-writing and keeping journals, ideas and forms are discovered by provoking memory. In addition, the personal nature of much prewriting and freewriting serve as an affirmation that the memory of the student writer has a valid place in the writing classroom. -Janine Rider, The Writers Book of Memory: An Interdisciplinary Study for Writing Teachers. Routledge, 1995 Prewriting and Revising[P]rewriting plans are not carved in stone; they are simply tools for generating and organizing ideas. Writers frequently change their minds as they write, eliminating some details, adding and changing others. Thats why some writers say that prewriting is a misnomer; they return to their plans over and over during all stages of the writing process, often revising and adjusting the plans as they go. -Lori Jamison Rog,  Marvelous Minilessons for Teaching Intermediate Writing. International Reading Association, 2011

Social conflicts for abortion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Social conflicts for abortion - Essay Example On the basis of judgement, the fetus is a human life, not a potential person. Termination of this life, even before it has left the womb, is viewed as essentially an act of murder. In abortion, the infant is evidently detached in content and being than the mother. It is being carried by the mother for nine months. Being morally upright individuals, we are supposed to look after the helpless, together with the unborn human being as it develops and matures. The mother's preference is merely what difficulty she needs to run away from. Corollary to the discussion on family planning is the sensitive issue on abortion. The First World of the G-7 or Group of Highly Industrialized Countries favors the liberal approach to dehumanize the world through the more fatal solution of abortion. Any reasons to advance to justify such act of fetus killing could not deodorize the abominations created by the killing of the unborn. The unborn has nothing to do with the problems of the would-be parents for he is just but a necessary feature in a husband-wife relationship. We acquire way too much credit, credit that God deserves. We believe that we created life. God provided us bodies gifted of procreating with extraordinarily intricate and precise hormonal equilibrium and physiologic transformations that permit the body to function. It is astonishing, when we wi... Several minutes of sex and some time developing in a uterus is not 'creating' a child. If I would like to bake a cake, it needs time and cautious action and thought to accomplish this. An infant is much more complicated. We cannot construct all required DNA; man cannot obtain the considered necessary DNA and construct life under the most controlled circumstances. Man still has not made any kind of life, even the most simple one-cell kind. We can invent scientific innovations but we cannot make life. God does this routinely. We must give Him the credit. Life begins at conception. Hence, a fetus at any stage of its development is a human being, with the same right to life as any other human being. Thus, to take life of a fetus by abortion is the same as taking the life of an adult without due process of law. That is, fetuses are not tried for a crime or sentenced to death penalty for a crime. They are simply put to death summarily. That is plain murder. Each fetus has an immortal soul from the moment of its conception and that any soul destroyed before it is baptized is eternally lost to salvation. Human bodies do not belong to the people who occupy them or to the parents who beget them, and they certainly do not belong to society. Bodies belong to God, and God alone has the right to decide what happens to them. It best to believe that we should stand by these arguments deeply that the efforts to outlaw abortions are dedicated to the most sacred and important cause in politics: The preservation of human beings and their immortal souls from murder and eternal damnation. I suppose the motive a person who is pro-abortion to be legal is, simply put, selfishness. The abortion occurs as the mother (maybe under other's pressure)

A COMPARISON OF AN AUTHENTIC TEXT WITH A PEDAGOGIC TEXT Essay

A COMPARISON OF AN AUTHENTIC TEXT WITH A PEDAGOGIC TEXT - Essay Example Authentic texts are defined as a text made to realize a social function within the language community. Pedagogic texts such as text dialogues like those found in English as a Foreign Language teaching materials differ largely from authentic texts across a variety of discourse features (Stubbs 2009) and (Widdowson 2008). These features include turn-taking and length patterns, the number of repetitions and false starts, lexical density, pausing, terminal latching or overlap frequency as well as usage of back-channelling and hesitation devices. This paper will compare and contrast an actual dialogue with a text book dialogue using a hotel booking telephone dialogue as an illustration. Conversations’ length Generally, an authentic telephone conversation on hotel booking would be longer than a telephone dialogue in a textbook (See Appedix 1 and 2). This can be explained by the fact that the turns taken by the information givers are virtually twice lengthy as those undertaken by the information receivers (Carter 2008) and (Sacks, Schegloff & Jefferson 2010). Authentic telephone dialogues would have a more intricate arrangement, with the straightforward question-answer pattern interrupted by several factors (McCarthy & Carter 2004). For example, problems arise in ‘Booking a hotel by phone’, there are unavailable rooms on ground floor, plus on top of that a discussion concerning elevators as well as standard rooms versus executive rooms may arise (Cunningham & Moore 2005). Further information is regularly entreated by the giver of information. For instance, in a conversation ‘concerning hotel booking’, the assistant may enquire whether the client would prefer a room with twin beds or single beds. Answers to queries are longer within authentic texts, where the information giver offers more than one option (Stubbs 2009) (Widdowson 2008). For instance, in ‘hotel booking’ the receptionist may suggest a room with an ocean view. Clearly, real-life is not as straightforward and simple as compared to dialogues found in text books. Text book dialogues are precise since they cannot capture a real-life scenario and perhaps because the text books writers’ tend to present them that way (Carter & McCarthy 2007) and (Myers-Scotton & Bernstein 2008). Unlike in real dialogues, the language of text book dialogues represents a ‘can do’ community where interaction is generally problem-free and smooth (See appendix 2). The speakers collaborate with one another courteously; the dialogue is neat, predictable and tidy. The queries and responses sequenced somewhat in the style of a court-room interrogation or quiz show (Cunningham & Moore 2005). This is, certainly, intentional and is executed for several reasons. Principally, if the core objective of text book dialogue is to exhibit novel functional and structural language through text simplification, this enables learners to focus upon target language exh ibited, to spot it, as well as hopefully obtain the structures rapidly accordingly (Carter 2008). Another reason for text simplification is to render comprehension tasks simpler. If a dialogue runs along expected lines, in which the author expect the learner to be aware of what may be uttered next as well as utilize top-down procedure to decrypt the message (Carter & McCarthy 2007), (Stubbs 2009) and (Widdowson 2008). The more random a dialogue is, the more acquirers have to depend upon ‘bottom up’ processing, for instance, taking note of individual words as well as developing them up to reach at the implication (Sacks, Schegloff & Jefferson 2010). Nevertheless, if the dialogues are only made predictable, learners may be denied the chance to build up their ‘

Single-sex schools are better due to its psychological reasons Essay Example for Free

Single-sex schools are better due to its psychological reasons Essay I)Introduction Thesis Statement: some people believe that single-sex schools are better because of educational reasons and psychological reasons, while others believe that mix schools are better. II) Single-sex schools are better due to its psychological reasons Girls have fewer constraints over how they must act if males are present they don’t get shy to freely discuss any of their views; they deal with nature and does not fabricate. According to CHRISTIE GARTON, founder, and CEO of 1000 dreams fun â€Å"single-sex schools foster better female-to-female relationship, which creates a sense of mutual empowerment and community†. Girl’s main concern is their looks 1)when there are males in class, girls focus on their physical appearances like styling their hair, wearing makeup and their outfit which takes a lot of time in the morning to get prepared and during the class have to constantly check their look this may eventually lead them to lose their concentration in class. 2)According to Dr. Linda Henman; a passionate proponent of single sex-gender schools believe that it provides fewer distractions, so the students can focus on academics. III) single-sex schools are better due to its educational reasons A)performance in single-sex schools is better than mixed schools. 1) Girl’s will understand to the fullest that’s to say, they don’t hesitate to raise their hand and ask a question related to the chapter the teacher is discussing even if the question is silly; she will not get embarrassed if it is silly therefore she cleared all her doubts. 2)According to Christine Garton, â€Å"a huge part of promoting women’s global success is fostering an environment where girls feel completely comfortable speaking up, voicing their opinions and being heard’’. B) There may be competition between the girls and boys. 1) sometimes boys master at some subjects like math and this will make girls to lose their belief in their abilities which will decrease self-efficacy and performance while in an all-girl environment, competition differs as girls are in the same level of math so this increase competition among them to put more effort in math and get good grades. IV)mixed schools are better due to psychological reasons. A) learning to deal with the other gender. 1)females who are not used to address males before may find it difficult to coexist or communicate with boys that’s to say she would be shy and nervous when talking with them but in mixed schools she is already familiar with how to deal with them so when she enters college or work phase, there will not be any barriers between their collegues2) According to Samira M ,who invented CoderBunnyz â€Å"girls will eventually have to work side by side with boys. So it’s better to start working with them early†. B) V)Mix schools are better due to its social reasons. A)Girls would know how to deal with different personalities. 1 )they will learn about each other way of thinking so that they will be able to understand each other later. 2)According to Professor Simon Baron-Cohen â€Å"A strong reason for co-education is that separating children for numbers of years means they will not be mixing and learning about each other†. B) In six schools there is no bullying. 1)In an all boys environment bullying is more intense which means a boy will be shy to fight with another boy in front of girls this may make him look aggressive and encourage violence and girls may move away from him. VI)conclusion

The Black Prince :: Essays Papers

The Black Prince (1330-1376) The Black Prince was the eldest son of King Edward the 3rd. His real name was Prince Edward Plantagenet and he was born in June of 1330 at the royal palace of Woodstock. The Black Prince grew up to become one of the most famous me diaeval warriors of all time. It is not really known where his nickname (the Black Prince) stemmed from, however, it is certain that it originated about two hundred years after his death. There is no evidence to support that he wore black armor, which seems to have inspired the very famous nickname. He did, however, carry a shield of peace which was predominantly black. This is probably the most likely reason for his nickname. The Black Prince was an exceptional knight who also had a gift for commanding armies. His skills as a commander became legendary throughout Europe. His most exceptional achievement, which was probably the main reason for his name becoming a legend, was his remarkable defeat of the French forces at Poitiers in 1356 during the Hundred Years War. This defeat also lead to the capture of the French King John the II. In order to celebrate his many victories the Black Prince would often hold vast celebrations which consisted of tournaments and banquets. These celebrations would often be very expensive and they would draw large amounts of money from his estates. This careless spending of money would usually lead to disorder throughout his Kingdom. The Black Prince was the King of England from 1327 to 1377. While King he was capable of being very cruel. His cruelties ranged from spending money on parties, which was badly needed by the people of his estates, to the horrible offense of torture. While he was King, at age 31, the Black Prince married Joan Plantagenet who was 33 at the time of her marriage to the Black Prince. While he may have been able to cheat death on the battlefield he wasn't, however, able to cheat death off the battlefield. The Black Prince caught a disease while in Spain.

Long term conditions Essay

Long-term conditions also known as chronic diseases or non-communicable diseases have been defined by the World Health Organization (WHO, 2005, p.35) as conditions that have origins at young ages take decades to be fully established, with their long duration, requiring a long term and systematic approach to treatment. Plans to transform care for patients with long-term conditions are based on continuing to maintain focus on early intervention and prevention; supporting integrated services shall help the patients and the public have a clear set of rights and patients in turn shall help the health care by undertaking the necessary steps, to take good care of their own health: promoting a preventative, people- centred, and productive care to be delivered (Great Britain. Department of Health, 2009). Director General of WHO expressed that, â€Å"the lives of far too many people in the world are being blighted and cut short by chronic diseases, this is a  very serious situation, both for public health and for the societies and economies affected† (WHO, 2005, p. VII), which has raised a need for long term conditions to be managed differently. Goodwin et al (2010, p.61) report that it was recognised, if patients with long-term conditions were managed effectively in the community, they would remain relatively stable and enjoy a quality of life free from frequent crises or observed increases in hospital visits. Chronic diseases have placed a heavy burden on the health care with demand for services and cost for treatment; the economic cost levels incurred; directly by the health care and indirectly by the individuals has also increased, and also increased use of hospital resources, raising need to manage the differently (Canada. Department of Health and Community Services, 201 1, p.7). They are time-consuming and some do not require the expertise and skill of a physician, but rather, may be managed by other members of the health care team (Canada. Ontario Medical Association, 2009, p.1). Chronic conditions have an effect on workplaces as regards productivity losses, where modifications have to be made by employers who attain workers with long-term conditions; so there is a need to manage them differently (Canada. Department of health and Community Services, 2011, p.7). Great Britain. Department of Health (2012) published a policy to support the management of long term conditions: improving quality of life for patients with long term conditions. Majority of the health care systems of middle-income countries, including Malaysia, are organised around models of healthcare developed in western countries, such systems are clearly at odds when dealing with long-term and continuing illness that require collaboration across health care sectors and where patient behaviour change forms the primary focus (Yasin et al, 2012, p.3). Malaysia is now implementing the Innovative Care for Chronic Conditions Model (ICCC), for it was developed, recognizing the challenges of the under-resourced and non-integrated health systems in low-and-middle income countries; but still holds focus on encouraging behaviour change at an individual level through improving self-management (Yasin et al, 2012, p.4). Managing long-term conditions requires key principles to be applied for  health care to remain focused with the plans to transform care; the Department of Health, Social Services and Public Safety (Great Britain. Department of Health, Social Services and Public Safety, 2012, p.13) identifies six key principles that may be used as guidelines for managing long-term conditions and these include: working in partnership with the patients and their carers, supporting self-management, avail appropriate and timely evidence-based information to service-users and their carers, promote personalised aid for patients to manage their medicines, recognising carers as partners in planning and delivery of services, services should be patient-centred, and flexible and integrated services across all sectors. In this assignment, a scenario of a patient diagnosed with Rheumatoid Arthritis three months ago, is going to be discuss, regarding examination findings outlined in the pro-forma; her name is Marjory 32 years old, married and a mother of two, works as a secretary. It is her first physiotherapy session, and she is receiving active treatment, and shall be introduced to self-management guidelines that are to help her manage her condition at home. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an inflammatory, autoimmune disease that causes pain, joint stiffness especially in the morning, and loss of function; it can occur at any age but is more common in persons over the age of 30 years and affects women more often than men (Australia. The Department of Health and Ageing, 2009, p.1). RA is a systematic disease that affects the whole body; joint pain and swelling manifest, leading to structural deformities and disability, causing a reduction in joint movement and muscle use; this happens because the immune system attacks the synovium first, with which the synovial membrane becomes thick and inflamed, resulting in unwanted tissue growth, but the most affected joints are particularly those of the wrists, hands and feet (Australia. The Department of Health and Ageing, 2009, p.3-4). Goal-setting process is required when managing RA patients: a formal process where a physiotherapist together with the patient formulates the rehabilitation goals which need to be specific, measurable, achievable, realistic/relevant and timed, i.e. meeting the criteria for â€Å"SMART† principle (Meesters et al, 2013, p.1). Physiotherapy management of RA uses a comprehensive approach which consists of a combination of education, exercise and pain relief agents, with the emphasis varying depending on clinical needs identified, so the physiotherapist and patient discuss coming to an agreement in regards to setting goals (The National Collaborating Centre for Chronic Condition (NCCCC), 2009, p.77). Physiotherapy aims to reduce pain and stiffness, prevent deformity and maximise function, independence and quality of life, which Marjory equally needs (NCCCC, 2009, p. 77). Kavuncu and Evcik (2004, p.1) assert that successful management involves educating patients and informing them about the planned treatment modalities that are going to be used and their effects to the patient’s identified problems. It was identified that Marjory had residual swelling around her hands, but no heat on palpation and the range of motion (ROM) had also reduced; paraffin wax therapy and hand exercises are the interventions chosen. Kacunvu and Evcik (2004, p.2) recommend using heat therapy before exercise for maximum benefit and applications are recommended for 10–20 minutes once or twice a day. Paraffin wax therapy has a short term symptomatic relief of pain and stiffness at the hands; the use of moist heat is intended to increase blood flow to the area, reduce pain and improve ROM (Welch et al, 2011, p.2). Recent evidence shows positive results for paraffin wax baths combined with hand exercises for arthritic hands on objective measures of ROM, pinch function, grip strength, pain on non-resisted motion, stiffness compared to control after four consecutive weeks of treatment (Welch et al, 2011, p.2). Despite paraffin wax therapy having benefits, its heat effects may increase inflammation, thus increasing swelling of the synovial membrane, so both joint and skin temperature elevate following superficial heating, which is a disadvantage to using heat therapy as an intervention, because RA patients often have unstable vascular reactions following exposure to heat (Hayes, pg.255, 2006). Another identified problem on Marjory was the swelling on the knees with heat on palpation, cold therapy is preferred for active joints where intra-articular heat increase is undesired; the physiological effects of  cold therapy include an abrupt drop in skin temperature, and a slow decline in temperatures within the muscles and joints: the recommended application time is 20 minutes to decrease synovial blood flow in patients with arthritis (Demoulin and Vanderthommen, 2011, p.117). Cold therapy is advocated to be applied intermittently rather than continuous, for the optimal parameters; each session should last 25 to 30 minutes, which is the time thought to be needed to substantially decrease temperature, blood flow, and metabolism (Demoulin and Vanderthommen, 2011, p.118). After cold therapy application, then TENS will be applied on Marjory’s knees, for it decreases pain and inflammation, and also reduces stiffness; its physiological effect of stimulation of the large sensory fibres prevents impulses from the smaller pain fibres from being transmitted in the ascending tracks in the spinal cord; decreased inflammation and joint volume will give an analgesic effect (Hayes, 2006, p.257). The burst-mode is recommended for it has both the high (70–100 Hz), and low (3–4 bursts per second) frequency modes; the advantage of burst-mode TENS is the greater comfort of the current, recommended treatment time is 30 minutes, only once per day for several weeks (Hayes, 2006, p. 257). The disadvantage of TENS, is the discomfort that arises from skin irritation through the electrode couplant from the electricity, and a study reported that an RA patient developed paresthesias which increased pain following heat and TENS, these effects were delayed, so RA patients should be monitored closely (Hayes, 2006, p. 257). In early disease of RA, patient education is a foundation of all rehabilitation interventions; however, using cognitive behavioural approach delivered at the appropriate time which is after active treatment, in order to promote long-term adherence to management strategies rather than an education-only approach (Luqmani et al, 2006, p.5). Research suggests that changing of illness perceptions and the use of coping strategies have a significant influence on psychological well- being, health-seeking behaviours, adherence and treatment outcome on rheumatoid arthritis patients (Dures and Hewlett, 2012, p.553). Rehabilitation is targets managing the consequences of disease, so there are other strategies that are to be applied for long-term remission for everyone with RA (Hammond A, pg.135, 2004); for which Marjory shall be empowered to manage her condition. Self-management training does plays a role with patient knowledge gain, aiming to give patients the strategies and tools necessary to make daily decisions to cope with the disease; patients’ involvement in the management of their care helps to improve self-confidence, desirable behaviour and improved functional status (Vliet Vlieland, 2007, p.1400). Self-efficacy is a component that may influence Marjory to have a positive change towards her health behaviour, become motivated to succeed and have perseverance once she has decided on a plan of action; and she gain the ability to recover from setbacks, and the likelihood of maintaining the change over time (Dures and Hewlett, 2012, p.553) Joint Protection and energy conservation strategies through resting and using splinting, compressive gloves, assistive devices, and adaptive equipment have beneficial effects in managing RA symptoms and deformities, which help to stabilise Marjory’s symptoms; splints may be used to give desired position at rest and functional positioning to the involved active joints; indirectly diminishing pain and inflammation, preventing development of deformities, preventing joint stress, supporting joints, and reducing joint stiffness (Kanvucu and Evcik, 2004, p.4). Compression gloves give a gentle compression which is an advantage on controlling joint swelling leading to decrease of pain (Kanvucu and Evcik, 2004, p.4). Exercise therapy has physiological advantages of improving cardiovascular health, increasing muscular hypertrophy and increasing bone mineral density; also as a therapy, it enhances physical function and psychosocial advantages of the patients (Law et al, 2012, p. 332). Despite the positive reports about exercise, there are barriers to this management approach: psychosocial aspects cause barriers, concerns relating to joint health and limitations in exercise prescription, musculoskeletal pain and fatigue (Law et al, 2012, p. 334). Pain Management strategies are needed because pain is the main cause for the lack of activity and losses of functional ability in RA patients, successful rehabilitation cannot be achieved if the patient is in pain, so the control of the disease with classic therapeutic forms to control the pain and to improve the activities is needed (Giavasopoulos.E.K., 2008, p.65). Thermotherapies should be recommended for Marjory to use at home; even if hot and cold stimuli, in inflammatory arthritis do not alter the articular inflammation, but improve the secondary answer in the pain and the behaviour (Giavasopoulos.E.K. pg.66, 2008). Pain in the soles is common presentation among RA patients, recommendations on using insoles from high density polypropylene, that are to produce satisfactory treatment of the pain (Giavasopoulos.E.K., 2008, p.67). Work rehabilitation strategies are needed; Hammond (2004, p.143) points out key strategies to maintain people in work and these include: rapid communication with employers, job modification, re-organizing work schedules; short periods of rest should be allowed because rest decreases the inflammation and the pain and promotes the physiologic place of articulation. Good evidence indicates that introducing a simple work problem-screening tool assists early identification of work problems, and early work assessment reduces work problems, maintain people in work and results in high levels of satisfaction from workers with RA (Hammond, 2004, p.143). This assignment has justified the purpose of promoting the plans to transform care for patients with long term conditions, particularly RA for this case, by showing how the policy of improving quality of care for people with long term should be implemented in the healthcare system. The key principle priorities that were applied to Marjory, were: provision of patient education, facilitation of self-management, delivery of patient-centred care, giving evidence-based interventions and improvising early proactive intervention: these principles display patient involvement to improve the quality of care with the aim of producing good management outcomes and preventing secondary complications on the patient, so as to  improve the patient’s quality of life despite her having rheumatoid arthritis. APPENDIX 1 Proposed Management Approach Pro-forma Student Number: w12035846Scenario Number: #1 Current problems identified in order of priority: †¢Pain, swelling and stiffness at the knees †¢Stiffness in her hands – MCP and PIP joints †¢Slight swelling at the hands †¢Reduced ROM †¢Reduced grip strength Short Term Goals: †¢Reduce pain †¢Reduce swelling †¢Reduce stiffness †¢Increase grip strength †¢Increase range of motion in reference to the extension lack at the knees †¢Increase muscle strength of quadriceps †¢Counsel patient to correct emotional status Long Term Goals: †¢To stabilize symptoms †¢To improve quality of life Does the patient require any active treatment at the moment? If so, what? If not, why? †¢Yes, in reference the swelling and stiffness around the hands †¢Active treatments: Paraffin wax therapy combined with hand exercises, Ice therapy for the knees, TENS, and Patient Education What strategies do you think it would be appropriate for you to use in assisting the patient to self-manage their condition at this stage? †¢Joint protection (energy conservation, assistive devices, splints) strategies, †¢Pain management strategies heat therapy †¢Therapeutic Exercise †¢Work rehabilitation strategies †¢Hydrotherapy †¢Gait Training †¢ Evaluation and monitoring strategies using outcome measures How do you think your role will change / evolve in the long-term management of his patient? Physiotherapy plays as a role in rehabilitating Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) with the goal to optimize function in patients. As a physiotherapist, role playing is recognised through providing patient education with reliable and appropriate information, and availing evidence based treatment programmes to the patient; by identifying factors that will positively or negatively affect maintenance of the management of RA condition. Also encourage the patient to have a positive mind set towards exercise prescriptions and physical activity tasks. Another role is to improve patients’ perception towards the management approach of RA. REFERENCES Australia. The Department of Health and Ageing (2009) A picture of rheumatoid arthritis in Australia. Canberra: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (9) (pp.1,3,4) [Online]. Available at: http://www.aihw.gov.au/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=6442459857 (Accessed: 14 May 2014) Canada. Ontario Medical Association (2009) Policy on Chronic Disease Management, Ontario: Health Policy Department [Online] Available at: https://www.oma.org/Resources/Documents/2009ChronicDiseaseManagement.pdf (Accessed: 7 May 2014) Canada. Department of Health and Community Services (2011) Improving Health Together: a policy framework for Chronic Disease Prevention and Management in Newfoundland Labrador. Newfoundland Labrador: The Department of Health and Community Services. (p.7) [Online] Available at: http://www.health.gov.nl.ca/health/chronicdisease/Improving_Health_Together.pdf (Accessed: 14 May 2014) Demoulin, C and Vanderthommen, M. (2011) ‘Cryotherapy in rheumatic diseases’, Joint Bo ne Spine, 79, pp. 117-118. ScienceDirect [Online] Available at: (Accessed: 20 May 2014) Dures, E. and Hewlett, S. (2012) ‘Cognitive–behavioural approaches to self-management in rheumatic disease’, Perspectives, 8(10), p.553. [Online] Available at: (Accessed: 27 May 2014) Giavasopoulos, E.K. (2008) ‘Rehabilitation in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthrits’, Health Science Journal, 2 (2), pp.

Creative Writing – It was just like any normal day in the picturesque suburb of Massapequa, N.Y.

It was just like any normal day in the picturesque suburb of Massapequa, N. Y. It was in the middle of fall and leaves were scattered on people's front lawns. It was a completely ordinary Sunday morning with people either going to the shops or just casually lazing around on their verrandahs, everyone leading a deceptively offhand style. But all was not the same for the Rediros. This family were living descendants and a modern replica of the infamous Gambino family. Amongst the Rediros' neighbourhood they present themselves differently and carry out their lives in a normal manner around home and try to show the residents they are average people living an uneventful, debonair life with a nonchalant attitude to life. Most of the criminal activity comes from the father of the family, Al Rediro, he was so high up in the ranks of the elusive New York crime family he practically had his own army there was talk from amongst his father's friends that Al Rediro was to become il capo di tutti cappi, the boss of bosses, godfather and chosen heir to Paul Castellano. Al Rediro made his money from owning various strip joints, bars, nightclubs, drug dealing, money laundering, prostitution and owning New York's biggest illicit stolen car ring. Carlo was one of the many people visiting the shops that day; he popped along to get some bread and milk. But once he returned he was in for a shock, a very big shock. He encroached his six bed-roomed well furnished house walking up the drive to notice the front door open; it all seemed a bit peculiar to Carlo for a neat family, leaving there front door open shows means there showing the neighbourhood into their lives. He could view through the illustrious and grand front door and immediately spotted furniture upturned and out of place; the house looked surprisingly out of touch for the neat family. He slowly peered his head inside and got more than he bargained for, he could blatantly tell someone had forced an entry quite simply ransacked the place, whether they had done anything else was for him to find out. He wondered around the ground floor and looked around, â€Å"hello, anyone there† he asked. He stood there looking helpless with a great big white, blank face as a sign of fear and desperation, wishing for a member of his family to reply. Silence. Carlo began to step around in his hallway cautiously watching where his feet landed amongst the furniture left wrecked around his house. He found nothing of use to him in finding his family, so he backed up against one of the walls and threw a book through the living room door on his left side, to show he's there in case anyone was in there. Then carefully, very slowly, he gently moved his head so only one eye could see in, he saw nothing wrong but could only see half of the room. Then suddenly he plucked up enough courage inside him and quickly jumped in to witness the tragic scene of his sister Ella lying with her back down on the sofa. That was the sofa the family would sit on and enjoy nights in and sing songs with the rest of the family, but now this time it was very different for his sister, Ella had been brutally stabbed in the back, the claret-red blood was all over her back saturating the back of her shirt, it was dripping off her nose from her face and staining the sofa all over. Carlo stood there about ten yards from her body standing completely shocked and dismayed. Carlo was now engaged in an emotional outburst crying out loud as any other 12 year old boy would seeing a dead body, especially his sister's, he began to sprint aimlessly around the house not having a clue what to do. Carlo dashed in and out of every room on his ground floor of his three storey house hoping to find a member of his family alive, but there was nothing to be seen, just more wreckage of their once beautifully kept house with beautiful dicor. He sprinted through his hallway, past the front door he arrived through and tore it up his staircase screaming for aid, help and to see his family. Once at the top to see he saw straight across the landing, his worst nightmare had just got even worse, he had now found his mother hanging from a noose in her bedroom doorway. The coldest part was when Carlo unexpectedly witnessed a gruesome sight of blood stemming profusely from her stomach. She had been riddled with bullets from an automatic gun across her torso to make sure she never survived her slow death of hanging. Continuously crying, Carlo was becoming more and more desperate by the minute. He carried running in and out of the bedrooms and had noticed Robbi, Carlo's nineteen year old brother had his window wide open. Carlo ran across and by now had learnt to expect the worst. He looked out everywhere to witness nothing wrong but peered his head out a bit more to look straight down and see Robbi square on the patio lying cold. Courageously he vowed to continue looking for his last possible living family member, his father, Al. Undoubtedly this attack on the family was from someone who knew Al and were never going to leave him be they were certain to chillingly kill him just like every other member of Carlo's family. In utter desperation Carlo continued searching. He had combed the whole house, apart from the basement where Carlo knew Al spent a lot of time. He sprinted down the steps to see fresh blood still wet on the floor. He followed one end of the trail to lead him to a laundry basket; quickly he opened it and straight away recognised a body but no head. He immediately followed the other end of the trail of blood to stand in front of the washing machine; he looked through the transparent screen to see his father's head knocking around. Carlo, screaming senselessly in a fit of anger, he was completely deluded as if he was in his worst nightmare, he knew he'd hit rock bottom. Without any hesitations he ran straight up the steps and across the hallway and exited through the front door and ran down the block heading for the park where he plays with his friends after school. But Carlo bumped into a man he recognised but hadn't introduced himself ever before, Carlo recognised him from the trips he had made to the grocery store throughout his childhood. The man introduced himself as Zack and immediately could tell something major had gone on in Carlo's life very recently. Carlo described to him the situation he was in and they wondered back to his flat and from then on they hit it off, they had a lot of things in common and they were more or less from the same background, Zack felt for Carlo and Carlo moved in with him. That night they watched the news and discovered the attack was an event waiting to happen amongst the underworld for many weeks. Ever since the trial of Vince Vandetti, Al de Miro had been waiting for it. Al de Miro had committed the biggest unwritten rule for anyone in the underworld, grassing. Al testified against Vince in his trial for the numerous money laundering arrangements he had made. Al wouldn't have done it but he gave in to the Courts, he was gong to risk jail for all his illicit businesses had it not been for all the deceitful and corrupt judges. They had struck a deal with Al, he testified and he would get immunity. Carlo had learnt everything now, everything was fitting into place but couldn't forget his father, his father had completely let the family down. For the next few weeks Carlo settled into Zack's two bed-roomed apartment. Together they worked well; they bonded to the extent that Zack became his legal guardian. But one day Carlo noticed something that would turn his life around – again. Zack was cleaning the barrel of a handgun. Carlo shocked with disbelief thought his days of lies and crime were over questioned Zack, â€Å"Why have you got a gun? † Zack replied calmly â€Å"this is my job Carlo. I'm a cleaner; I get paid to do this†. Carlo was in an outrage. â€Å"Did you kill my family? † Zack told Carlo he would never do such a thing because he has two rules:- 1. No women 2. No children He also told him he doesn't know who killed his family. Carlo is a soloist who does jobs for the Mafia and proclaimed he has never had links with Vince Vandetti. From then on Carlo agreed with him and believed him, he changed also as a person and began to train with Zack for the skills he needed, Zack became an inspiration and Carlo declared he wanted to be a cleaner as well. After over 9 months of intensive training and expert tips Carlo turned into a one time 15 year old with a scrawny figure to a muscle bounding, flesh hungry assassin. They were beginning jobs together and by the age of 17, Carlo had killed 12 men. There was one job though that the Mafia gave Carlo and Zack, this was thought to be a good incentive for Carlo, it was to eliminate Vince Vandetti from life. The job was also aimed to take out the whole Vandetti family, Vince had got off lightly as some of the charges against him were dropped for a lack of evidence, this meant he was only in prison for two years. Once out Vince and his own family had severed links with the Mafia as Al de Miro was much loved within the Mafia. Since out of prison Vince grew links down south with the Columbian Mafia. So for Zack and Carlo to do their job they went there, they posed as drug dealers and arranged a meeting with him at a casino. However, they had other things on their mind and set up a post on the roof of a building with their sniper and night-vision scope. They found him dressed in a long dark grey jacket on the crowded street, the setting was perfect as they would never be caught as everyone would be panicking, then they aimed at him and Carlo fired with pleasure. They decided between themselves that he was definitely dead quickly before a mass crowd occurred around him; they fled the scene and got on the next plane to New York. All was well, they touched down safely and got on with the rest of their lives and carried on doing more jobs. Three months later word must have spread, Carlo and Zack had been found out and on a normal trip to the grocery store they were both wrestled by two men into a dark alley and executed in the head as part of a reprisal. They paid the consequences for just one of their many jobs, people said Carlo should have given up and left the New York crime scene since the loss of his family and set up life elsewhere and continued with the rest of his childhood but he didn't and ultimately paid the price. But people who remembered Carlo and Zack, the only people who can consecrate their memory, were fellow callous minded members of the Mafia from the New York underground crime scene turned up to their joint funeral to give their condolences to two very loyal colleagues killed on the job.

EVIDENCE ASSIGNMENT 2015 Essays - Evidence Law, Criminal Law, Doubt

EVIDENCE ASSIGNMENT 2015 Essays - Evidence Law, Criminal Law, Doubt Introduction In British, the phrase the burden of proof has two meanings. Firstly, the risk of not persuading the jury and second the duty of going forward with the evidence to satisfy the judge. The presumption of innocence is the fundamental rule is criminal cases in which means the defendant is presumed to be innocent until proven guilty. There are in fact two different types of burden recognized by the law. These burdens are commonly known as legal burden and evidential burdens . A legal burden in criminal trials generally falls on prosecution to prove the elements of offence charged beyond reasonable doubt. This was decided by House Of Lords in the case of Woolmington v DPP .Here Viscount Sankey LC declared not the trial judges decision of reversing the burden of proving the defence on the accused was wrong and this burden should be borne by prosecution. Meanwhile, evidential burden is burden of adducing sufficient evidence to convince the judge there is an issue to put before court. This burdens is usually carried by the defendant to raise reasonable doubt by pointing to or adducing evidence in order to make his defence live issue. Once the defence is made, the prosecution must disprove the defence in order to prove their case beyond reasonable doubt. However it is doubtful how far it has had either effect, even after the Human Right Act 1998 Exceptions of the presumption Through the web of English Criminal law, one golden threat is always to be seen that is duty of the prosecution to prove prisoners guilt. Viscount Sankey in Woolmington case referring in reverential terms to the golden thread while even the acknowledging two sets of exceptions one ,the defence of insanity based on the common law and other based on statute, either by express or implied provision. The first exception insanity to the Woolmington can be traced back to the advisory opinions of the judges in MNaughtens Case. Whenever the accused raises the insanity defence, therefore it is for him to establish on a balance of probabilities that at the time of the offence he was labouring under such defect of reason, from disease of mind, as not to know the nature and quality of his act or if he did know it, that he did not know he was doing what was wrong. However, it should be noted, in H v UK (1990) the European Court of Human Rights ruled that the insanity exception didnt breach Art 6( 2) since the rule didnt concern the presumption of innocence, but the presumption of sanity. Looking at the statutory exceptions to the reversal of legal burden , the accused will bear the legal burden if the parliament intends in statute. It can be either implied or express reversal of burden . All form of reversals will raise issue of compatibility with the presumption of innocence as stated in the Art 6 (2) of ECHR. Many statutes expressly impose a burden of proof on the accused to prove his case. When express statutory provision obliges accused to prove his defence, it will automatically swift a legal burden on him to prove his defence on the balance of probabilities without any assessment attached. Its deemed regardless of the principle set down in Woolmingtons case. In situation of implied reversals, the parliament tend to be silent as did not suggest who holds the burden. Therefore, the judges required to interpret Parliaments intention by using various tools of interpretation. There are number of cases where an enactment may be constructed as impliedly imposing a legal burden on the accused. S101 of the Magistrates Courts Act 198013 lays down the general principle in respect of summary offences and where the statute does not expressly state who bears the legal burden . The effect of the section is that where the conduct of the accused creates an offence but in circumstances where the statute creates a defence in respect of an exception, exemption, proviso, excuse or qualification, the burden of proving of the defence will be placed on the accused. The principle originates partly from the notion that it is easy or easier for the accused to prove that he fall within the scope of defences

Application Questions Essay Example for Free

Application Questions Essay 1. The first stage is Bodily Self. In this stage, infants become aware of their own existence and distinguish their own bodies from objects in the environment (Schultz & Schultz 2009). Monica has a sense of humor. She often feels frustrated as she takes care of her children and loses her temper. She is able to joke about her fatigue later. The next stage is Self-identity. Children realize that their identity remains intact despite the many changes that are taking place. Monica is 38 years old stay at home mother of four children. The third stage is Self-esteem. Children learn to take pride in their accomplishments (Schultz & Schultz 2009). Monica is insecure about not having attended college. She doesn’t think of herself as unintelligent, but sees herself as uneducated and defers to others with a better education. The fourth stage is Extension of self. In this stage, children come to recognize the object and people that are part of their own world. Monica is a good mother and a mother of fourth. She takes care of her children’s physical and emotional needs. The fifth stage is Self-image. Children develop actual and idealized images of themselves and their behavior and become aware of satisfying parental expectations (Schultz & Schultz 2009). Monica is aware of the fact that she looks intimidating and angry. She is self-conscious of her frown lines. The sixth stage is Self as rational coper. Children begin to apply reason and logic to the solution of everyday problems (Schultz & Schultz 2009). Clutter and messiness bothers her. She cleans the two bathrooms every day, vacuums, dusts, picks up toys, and so forth. The final stage is Propriate striving. In this stage young people begin to formulate long-range goals and plans (Schultz & Schultz 2009). Monica is considering going back to school to earn an associate’s degree in Legal Business Studies and becoming a legal assistant. 2. Cardinal traits are the most perverse and powerful human trait (Schultz & Schultz 2009). These traits dominate a person’s behavior and ruling passion. Central traits are the handful of outstanding traits that describe a person’s behavior (Schultz & Schultz 2009). These traits describe our behavior. The secondary traits are the least important traits which a person may display inconspicuously and inconsistently (Schultz & Schultz 2009). Only a close friend may recognize these traits. Monica’s has a large amount  of central traits. Her friends describe her as being fiercely loyal, supportive, and talkative. She is also a perfectionist and neurotic about cleaning. 3. The functional autonomy propose that the motive of a mature, emotionally health adults are not functionally connected to the prior experiences in which they initially appeared (Schultz & Schultz 2009). An addictive behavior that Monica has is that she tries to keep her house spotless. She cleans the two bathrooms every day, vacuums, dusts, picks up toys, and so forth. She is neurotic about cleaning. 4. Prorim is a term for the ego or self (Schultz & Schultz 2009). It seems as if Monica understands who she is as a unique individual. Monica’s cleaning, need for order, and ability to laugh at herself helps aid in her individuality. 5. Propriate striving is when young people begin to formulate long-range goals and plans (Schultz & Schultz 2009).Her goals is to go back to school to get an associate’s degree in Legal Business Studies and become a legal assistant after all her children are in middle school. She is also able to accept her feelings of frustration as she takes care of her kids and her forgetfulness. 1. Allport criteria for mental health, is that he believed that mature adults have a unifying philosophy or a set of values. These values help give a purpose to their life. They apply propriate self-extension to their friends, family, hobbies, and work. A healthy personality is made up of compassionate and loving relationships. The compassionate and loving relationship has to be free of possessiveness and jealousy. Emotional security and self acceptance is another criteria. Mature individuals can sustain all the frustrations of life that can’t be avoided without losing their position and giving into to self-pity. Mature individuals have a realistic orientation towards themselves and others. They can economic survive without becoming defensive. The final thing is that they have  developed an accurate self insight their desirable and disagreeable qualities. 2. Allport’s propriate striving is believed to be the core problem for adolescents. The adolescent selects goals that they want to obtain for an occupation or any other life goal. They realize that their future must entail them following a plan and they lose their childhood. Jung believed that self-realization is the balance between various opposing forces of personality. It is list of opposites such as introverted and extraverted, rational and irrational, conscious and unconscious , and past events and future expectations. Maslow self-actualization is the fullest development of the self (Schultz & Schultz 2009). A person is able to able to grow towards achieving their highest needs in life. Self-actualization depends on the maximum realization and fulfillment of our potentials, talents, and abilities. If the person is not self-actualizing, he or she will be restless frustrated, and discontent (Schultz & Schultz 2009). Rogers believe that individuals can accomplish their goals, wishes and desires. If this is done this is self realization. Rogers wanted to integrate the real self and the ideal self. When these two combine, the fully functioning person emerges. 3. The proprium is a term developed for the self or ego. This includes the aspects of the personality that are distinctive and thus appropriate to our emotional state. Before he proprium begins to emerge, the infant experiences no self consciousness, and no awareness of self. The proprium will develop gradually and steadily, and the child will achieve positive psychological growth. Rogers believe that the self develops through interaction with others. Rogers believes that the concept of self is present when the child is born. Reference Ashcraft, D. M. (2012). Personality theories workbook (5th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. Schultz, D. P., & Schultz, S. E. (2009). Theories of personality (9th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. Application Questions. (2016, Aug 16).

HR Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

HR Management - Essay Example hree expatriates were assigned the positions of Director of Engineering, Manufacturing and Finance however, they had very little knowledge to Chinese market for example, Director of Finance was from Singapore and he did not have much knowledge about Chinese financial system. Before starting the JV in China Filtration Inc should have also considered the development and maintenance of the competencies of its people especially the expatriates. Although company provided language tutorials to its expatriates and orientation trainings however, to reduce the operational difficulties in an entirely different environment, company did not focus on inadequate health conditions, performance management systems, morale problems and discipline. To select the expatriates company did not follow any strong selection process. When the company showed its intentions to expand internationally, James showed his interest to his international human resource manager to take part in international assignments. Moreover, he has been showing his interest for international assignments during performance appraisals. When the company planned to start its JV in Tokyo, the company announced to hire a younger, more politically connected fast tracker. The company made a formal announcement and the expatriate position was promoted as a consolation prize. However, no interview or any kind of test was conducted. James was selected entirely based on his long term association with the company and because of his interest. Following is the model presented by Ronen to select an expatriate. The model shows that a company should consider job factors, relational dimensions, motivational stat, family situation and language skills while selecting an expatri ate. On the other hand, only motivational state and family situation of James were considered to select him as an expatriate in an entirely different culture of China. Although James was very enthusiastic and motivated for this assignment which makes him a